Submission Type: Innovative Ideas
Final Rating: Innovative Idea
Date Submitted: Fall 2022
Focus Area: Healthy Environments and Relationships
Focus Population: Children, Teachers
Contact Information:
Early Childhood Education Institute (ECEI) at OU-Tulsa
Barbara Fuhrman is a Ph.D. Epidemiologist
Changjie Cai is Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
(918) 660-3907
4502 E 41st St. , Tulsa, OK 74135
Goals and Outcomes:
The overall goals of this project are to investigate the feasibility of using inexpensive air filters in ECE classrooms and if the reliable use of air filters improves the classroom air quality and results in positive impacts on children’s health and behavior. We view this as a test of the potential for a low-cost and lowburden intervention (air filters) to have a significant impact on children’s health which provides the foundation for children to engage and benefit from all the ECE classroom has to offer in supporting their growth, development, and learning.
The goals of this pilot project are to answer these questions:
• Can affordable air filters be reliably and accurately used in ECE settings serving children birth through age 4?
• With proper use, can affordable air filters make a measurable and meaningful difference in the indoor air quality in ECE classrooms?
• What are teachers’ experiences and perceptions of their use and value of air filters in ECE classrooms?
• Is an improvement in indoor air quality of ECE classrooms associated with relevant health and developmental child outcomes including absenteeism, frequency of respiratory illnesses, and behavior?
Pilot Study Design: The following design will be used to answer these questions--
This pilot study will be a 12-month project so that air quality can be assessed during all seasons because past research has documented seasonal variations. The study design will be a cross-over study – this means that all involved classrooms will use the air filters at some time during the study. This ensures any potential benefits will be experienced by all classrooms. To reduce the costs of the most expensive equipment (the air quality measurement devices), OU research staff will move the equipment as needed to follow the study design (shown in the appendix). ECEI staff will collect teacher and child data monthly.
We will purchase 24 air filters and 12 instruments for measurement of air quality. Air filters will be used in 24 classrooms at 6 schools. Filters will be run for a total of 6 weeks in each classroom and season. Timing of filter use will be assigned by classroom, to schedule A or B, and timing of measurements will be assigned by school, to schedule 1 or 2. We will also purchase spirometers for testing lung capacity of the oldest children in this sample—this is to see if the children can do this test (will be described as blowing up a balloon). This design will require moving measurement devices between schools on an approximately monthly basis.
Because we anticipate there may be higher electricity costs due to the use of the filters, we plan to award each program welcoming this project into their classrooms a $50 stipend per participating classroom. We will compare energy costs during the study period to costs during the previous year, in order to estimate the costs in terms of energy used, and billed amounts. We will try to measure lung capacity on some 4-year-olds with their parents’ consent. This is to test is children this young can complete the test—which involves exhaling until all air is pushed out of the lungs. We want to do this to inform future study design. We plan to use the results of this pilot to inform future grant applications submitted to federal funders to do more extensive studies. In essence, this project will be a proof of concept project.
At the end of this pilot, we would disseminate the resulting preliminary results to various audiences in Oklahoma, including first sharing with the participating ECE programs. We also plan to use the findings and our “lessons learned” to propose a larger study to generate more robust results. At that point, we would disseminate the results more widely with the rationale for using air filters and recommendations about improving air quality in ECE settings. The results of our work would provide information about what is necessary for teachers and ECE centers to use the air filters successfully, the anticipated impact in terms of measured air quality, and associated child outcomes in a number of developmental areas including health outcomes.
Brief Summary:
This project will involve two groups: Teachers and the children enrolled in their ECE classrooms. Although child outcomes are ultimately our interest, the successful use of air filters to improve ECE classroom air quality is dependent on the teachers who run those classrooms. Thus, an important first step is to study the teachers’ implementation of air filters in real ECE classrooms. As a pilot, our focus will be on a few, key child outcomes related to absenteeism, reports of respiratory illnesses and behavior, and a measure of lung capacity (only for 4-year-olds). For children to profit from the promise of ECE classrooms, they need to be present and healthy to engage in the planned curriculum.
We propose to conduct a mixed-methods (using both qualitative and quantitative approaches) quasiexperimental (using naturally-occurring groupings meaning classrooms in ECE settings) pilot study. We summarize the main components of our proposed study below. A more detailed descriptions of our methods (including study design and analyses) is in the appendix.
Teacher Data:
• Quantitative data will be collected via a teacher survey to get information about teachers’ experiences introducing and using air filters in their ECE classrooms.
• Qualitative focus groups will be conducted with all teachers to gather additional information not easily captured in a survey. For example, their perceptions and beliefs about the efficacy of air filters. We will also ask about their feedback for project improvement and use in future studies.
Child Data:
The main purpose of this pilot project is to test IF air filters can be successfully introduced and used in ECE classrooms, and IF measurable and meaningful differences in air quality can be achieved. Thus, we will focus on only a few key child outcomes in this initial study. Child measures, collected via teacher surveys, will include child absences, reported respiratory illnesses, and behavior. The measurement of child lung capacity will tried with 4 -ear-olds whose parents consent given this technology has not been used with children this young.
Classroom Data: Numerous indoor air pollutants have been recognized and we will measure several, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and microorganisms. Two common microorganism samples will be collected periodically, mold and endotoxin.
Early Childhood Education Institute